the difference between polysaccharides and oligonucleotides

What are oligopolysaccharides and polysaccharides and what is the difference between them?

 What is the difference between polysaccharides and oligonucleotides? 

Carbohydrates are known as organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a 1: 2: 1 ratio and they are one of the important biomolecules; Because it is an important source of energy. Carbohydrates fall into two basic classes: simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides), and complex carbohydrates (polymers).

Sugars are easily digestible, and they are a quick source of energy. On the other hand, polymers are characterized by their need for a longer time for digestion and metabolism, and are often rich in fiber, unlike sugars; Polymers are less likely to cause high blood sugar.

1- oligosaccharides:

Carbohydrates consisting of a small number of sugars, mostly from three to ten units of monosaccharide (monosaccharide) and in some other references are considered carbohydrates consisting of two to ten units of monosaccharides from oligopolysaccharides, including disaccharide It consists of two single screens. In some other references, oligosaccharides are defined as carbohydrates consisting of 3-6 units of monosaccharides.

Oligosaccharides have a longer chain of monosaccharides than those found in monosaccharides or disaccharides, and shorter than those in polysaccharides.

The chemical reactions that link the monosaccharide units are known as dewatering reactions (phagocytosis); The water is released as a by-product.

Oligosaccharides are formed by linking monosaccharides to each other via glycosidic bonds. These bonds are often formed between hydroxyl groups of two monosaccharides.

Sometimes oligosaccharides bind to another biomolecule via a glycosylation reaction. Another biomolecule may be proteins, peptides, or lipids, and oligosaccharides attached to another biomolecule are known as glycoconjugates. For example; Glycolipids (sugar fats) are carbohydrates - these may be oligosaccharides or polysaccharides - linked to fats.

Examples of oligosaccharides include stichose and raffinose: the former is a quaternary sugar, while the latter is a triple sugar consisting of the union of galactose, glucose, and fructose, and is found in plants such as legumes, whole grains, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and cotton seeds.
The importance of oligosaccharides:

Oligosaccharides are an important source of energy, especially fructooligosaccharides, which are an important source of fiber. It can be obtained - meaning fructose sugars - from some fruits and plants such as bananas, leeks, onions, garlic, and asparagus.

Oligosaccharides also work as prebiotics, especially those derived from dairy products. It cannot be digested by the human intestine and instead is passed into the large intestine where it aids the growth of the coliform bacteria known as bifidobacterium.

Many oligosaccharides share common proteins in the formation of glycoproteins, which are involved in various biological functions such as antigenicity, solubility, cell adhesion, cellular recognition, and immune function.

Human blood types (A, B, AB, O) are dependent on glycolipids on the surface of red blood cells. The oligosaccharides in glycolipids determine the antigen of the blood type. For example, blood type A contains (N-acetyl-galactosamine), blood type B contains galactose, blood group AB contains both antigens, and blood type O does not contain any of these antigens.

2- Polysaccharide:

The molecule of them consists of many monosaccharides. Also called glycan. The polysaccharides may be homopolysaccharides when their component monosaccharides are of the same type, or heteropolysaccharides when the monosaccharides are different.

Polysaccharides take many forms depending on which monosaccharides are connected, and which carbonates in the monosaccharides are related to each other.

What are oligosaccharides and polysaccharides and what is the difference between them simple carbohydrates complex carbohydrates starch polymers?

Examples of polysaccharides include cellulose, chitin, glycogen, and starch; Both cellulose and chitin are synthetic polysaccharides, which are made up of several thousand (small molecule) glucose monomers combined into long fibers. The only difference between the two is the side chains attached to the monosaccharide carbon rings.

In chitin, the monosaccharides have been modified with a group containing more carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. The side chain creates a double electrode, which increases the hydrogen bond.

While cellulose produces solid components like wood, chitin can produce harder parts like veneer and limestone.

Both cellulose and chitin form long, linear chains, which in turn are long fibers. These fibers are deposited outside the cell membrane. Some proteins and other compounds convert these fibers into complex compounds and are held in place by hydrogen bonds between the side chains. In this way, they are converted from simple compounds such as glucose into solid structural compounds.

Glycogen and starch are both storage polysaccharides, and the only difference between synthetic and buffer polysaccharides depends on the monosaccharides used. The only difference between starch and cellulose is the arrangement of glucose used.
The importance of polysaccharides

 Energy Storage:

Many polysaccharides store energy in living things, and energy-producing enzymes only work on the monosaccharides stored in the polysaccharides; Usually, multiple sugars are folded together, containing many monosaccharides in a dense area.

Besides, the side chains of monosaccharides form as many hydrogen bonds as possible, which gives the hydrophobic effect, thus keeping the molecules together and preventing their dissolution in the cytosol; This lowers the sugar concentration in the cell and allows more of it to be consumed.

Not only does sugar store energy, but it also alters the concentration gradient, which affects the cell's absorption of water and nutrients.
 Cellular communications:

Many polysaccharides bind to proteins and fats, and are then called glucosidases; Glycoproteins and glycolipids are used to send signals between and within cells.
 Cellular support:

All plants on Earth use cellulose to support their parts, while other organisms such as insects and fungi use chitin to support the extracellular matrix (ECM).